Login | Signup
EDULEARN24

Annual Expo by the Journal of Young Explorers Meta and NESEP

  • Fundamental or applied research
  • Interdisciplinary research
  • Judging on a rolling basis
  • A work-in-progress research
  • Completed research
  • Unlimited topics and ideas
  • ISBN 979-8-89480-840-6
  • NESEP/NY-CSEF event at Harvard Club in NYC

Associating Blood Lead Concentration and Gray Matter Volume in the Brain Across the United States, as a Model for Flint, Michigan
Shira Lichter and Julia Zou

October 06, 2022 ISBN: 979-8-89480-845-1 NESEP2025
Shira Lichter and Julia Zou

Abstract: In 2015, Flint Michigan changed water sources from Lake Huron to the Flint River, which had water lead levels [15], correlated with blood lead levels [17]. Lead is highly neurotoxic [19], lowering grey matter volume [5]. Due to a lack of data from Flint, fMRI scans (after 2015) from Los Angeles, New York City, and Philadelphia were analyzed with voxel-based morphometry in spm12. Grey matter volumes were stratified by gender. Significant differences were found between average grey matter and water lead levels (p<0.00001). Philadelphia, with the highest lead levels (3.0 ppb), had significantly lower grey matter volume than all other cities. All locations had significantly lower volume than the control, demonstrating the impact of water lead. There were significant differences between cities of varied water lead concentrations. Philadelphia and Flint had the highest water lead levels, at 3.0 ppb, allowing Philadelphia to be used as a possible model for Flint.

Keywords: Flint, lead, water lead, blood lead, blood-brain barrier, grey matter volume, fMRI, spm12, voxel-based morphometry, model, toxicity

References

  1.  Campbell, Duncan (June 12, 2003). "Gregory Peck, screen epitome of idealistic individualism, dies aged 87". The Guardian. Retrieved April 7, 2020.

  2. Giddens, Thomas, ed. (2015). Graphic Justice: Intersections of Comics and Law. Routledge. ISBN 9781317658382.

  3. Brugue, Lydia; Llompart, Auba (2020). Contemporary Fairy-Tale Magic: Subverting Gender and Genre. Leiden: BRILL. p. 196. ISBN 978-90-04-41898-1.

  4. Cattoi, Thomas; Odorisio, David M. (2018). Depth Psychology and Mysticism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 72. ISBN 978-3-319-79096-1.

  5. Singh, Greg (2014). Film After Jung: Post-Jungian Approaches to Film Theory. New York: Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 9780415430890.

  6. Frank, Adam (2009). The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-520-25412-1.

  7. Stevens, Anthony (1999). On Jung: Updated Edition (2nd ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 215. ISBN 069101048X. OCLC 41400920.

  8. Stevens, Anthony (2015). Living Archetypes: The selected works of Anthony Stevens. Oxon: Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-317-59562-5.

  9.  Jung, Emma; Franz, Marie-Luise von (1998). The Grail Legend. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-691-00237-1.

  10. Papadopoulos, Renos The Handbook of Jungian Psychology 2006

  11. Joseph Henderson, "Ancient Myths and Modern Man", in Jung ed., Symbols p. 123

  12. Leach, Edmund (1974). Lévi Strauss. Fontana/Collins. p. 16. OCLC 894883903.

  13. a b Stevens, Anthony (2015-06-29). Archetype Revisited: An Updated Natural History of the Self. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315740515. ISBN 978-1-315-74051-5.