Accepted Articles

Abstract:

Major space organizations together with private companies now focus on sending humans to Mars which used to exist only in science fiction stories. The Soviet Union achieved a historic milestone in 1971 when Mars 3 successfully landed on the planet which enabled current space exploration progress. NASA achieved two major rover successes with Curiosity and Perseverance during the 21st century to collect essential data about Martian environments and possible life signs which supports their plans to send astronauts between 2030s or 2040s. The Starship spacecraft development by SpaceX demonstrates increasing interest in Martian exploration and settlement activities.

Humanity can find protection from Earth-based threats through space colonization which serves as a defensive measure against climate change and other existential risks. Mars offers economic potential through its resource extraction activities and its ability to create an independent space-based economic system. Mars stands out from other celestial bodies because it contains vital nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen which enable the creation of energy systems and independent settlements.

The establishment of long-term human settlements on Mars requires a solution to provide food security as a fundamental requirement. The initial food supply for short-term space missions depends on transported resources but long-term survival on Mars demands the ability to grow crops within Martian soil. Scientists have proven that lettuce and tomatoes and wheat and garden cress can successfully grow in Martian soil simulants when scientists maintain proper environmental controls. The growth of lettuce in soil compost mixtures with Martian simulant showed positive results but the results depended on fertilizer usage and light exposure levels.

Scientists need to conduct additional research to develop agricultural techniques which can handle the harsh Martian environmental conditions including its harsh temperature extremes. Research on spinach growth in space-like conditions indicates beetroot could become a viable crop for Martian cultivation despite its slower growth rates. The solution of these problems will enable the practical establishment of human settlements on Mars.

Reference

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